Developmental milestones: Distinguishing indicators and progression phases for adolescents, both males and females
Puberty is a significant stage in the transition from childhood to adulthood, marked by rapid physical, psychological, and emotional growth. This transformative period typically begins between the ages of 8 and 13 for females and 9-14 for males, with an average onset around 10–11 years for females and 11–12 years for males [1][3].
During puberty, people experience various physical changes. For females, these changes may include the start of vaginal discharge, body odor, and hair growing in the pubic area, under the arms, and on the legs. One of the first signs tends to be a breast bud, and periods typically begin around 2 years after breast development [1]. In males, signs of puberty include the deepening of the voice, growth of facial hair, and muscle development [1].
Physical changes are accompanied by the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Girls may notice breast development, while boys may experience enlargement of the testes and penis [1][5]. Growth spurts in height and weight, changes in skin, hair, muscle mass, and body composition are also common [1].
Puberty also brings psychological and emotional changes. Individuals may experience heightened emotions, frequently changing emotions, the start of sexual thoughts and desires, and the start of sexual and romantic attractions to others [4][5]. Adolescents also experience complex mental and emotional shifts, which can sometimes lead to mood swings and emotional disorders as part of normal development [4].
Some people may experience emotional distress known as gender dysphoria during puberty if their gender identity does not match their body [2]. In such cases, it is crucial to provide appropriate support and information.
It is essential to note that late puberty is usually no cause for concern, as there is wide variation in what experts consider normal growth and development. Not everyone will have feelings of attraction for others, and people who do not may choose to identify as asexual [2].
Puberty can also be a challenging time due to the changes in the body and the associated hormonal fluctuations. Skin becomes oily and the body produces more sweat, which can lead to acne. The voice starts to get lower and deeper as the voice box, or larynx, grows during puberty [1].
Intersex is an umbrella term for differences in sex development (DSD), which can include differences in genitalia, hormones, chromosomes, or internal anatomy [2]. Early or delayed puberty can indicate a health condition, such as hypogonadism, which can result from genetic factors, developmental disorders, or a tumor in the brain [2].
In some cases, a blood test can reveal any hormonal issues, and an MRI or ultrasound scan can show whether the glands involved are working properly [2].
In conclusion, understanding and navigating the changes that occur during puberty is crucial for individuals to feel confident and equipped to handle the challenges that come with this transformative period. Appropriate information, support, and education can help individuals navigate health and social challenges effectively [2][4].
References: [1] Mayo Clinic. (2021). Puberty: Changes in girls. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/puberty/art-20046901 [2] NHS. (2021). Puberty. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/puberty/ [3] American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Puberty: What parents need to know. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/teen/puberty/Pages/Puberty-What-Parents-Need-to-Know.aspx [4] American Psychological Association. (2021). Understanding puberty. https://www.apa.org/topics/puberty [5] World Health Organization. (2021). Adolescence and puberty. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescence-and-puberty
- The prevalence of asthma, a common condition during childhood, may increase during puberty due to hormonal shifts.
- Predictive models in science can help us understand the correlation between obesity and mental health issues that sometimes manifest during puberty.
- A significant challenge for parents during puberty is navigating the discussion on sexual health and the onset of sexual thoughts and desires.
- The mental health implications of depression can be exacerbated during puberty, necessitating support and resources for affected individuals.
- In some cases, individuals diagnosed with MS might experience delayed puberty, highlighting the potential link between endocrine disorders and normal growth and development.
- A PSA test, a screening method for prostate cancer, may not be appropriate for boys until they have gone through puberty, as the test measures the levels of a specific protein found in greater amounts in adult men.
- Educational resources on personal growth, career development, and parenting can be valuable to adolescents navigating emotional turmoil and self-discovery during puberty.
- Fitness and exercise can play a crucial role in managing weight issues associated with obesity during puberty, with an emphasis on consistent, sustainable, and age-appropriate physical activity.
- Skin-care routines can help manage acne and skin issues that often appear during puberty, with products focusing on combating oil and reducing inflammation.
- Bipolar disorders, characterized by extreme mood swings, can sometimes first present during puberty, underscoring the importance of mental health awareness and support for adolescents during this critical period.
